Professor Peter Tillers of Cardozo Law School in New York blogs for JURIST on the latest evidence issues...
Friday, January 09, 2004
Perception as Inference
I just received an announcement of a conference about "visual thought."
Lovely expression!
Here is the announcement:
The depictive space of perception
A conference on visual thought
Perceptual space and depictive space show strong similarities. Both are characterized by a sort of extendedness which unfolds dynamically, and which shows the close analogy between the performance of an act of perception and an act of design. Neither art nor vision are, in fact, veridical copies of the world, rather both seem to be operating on the representational structures of vision. On these premises, a scientific phenomenology, experimentally oriented, seems to be a more appropriate paradigm in vision science, especially in order to understand the dynamics of the ongoing perceiving. The conference has a starting point draws on the results of the artistic and cognitive theories of Klee and Arnheim and Gestalt theory, and explores their application to contemporary research in vision science.
Ample time will be allocated to discussion. If you are interested in attending the conference and/or contributing your own ideas, please send a mail (with a two-page abstract if you intend to give a paper) to Liliana Albertazzi (liliana.albertazzi@unitn.it) before April, 15.
Invited Speakers
1. L. Albertazzi (Trento University), The Depictive Space of the
Mind
2. C. E. Connor (John Hopkins University), Shape Representation in
Neural Populations
3. T. Economou (Georgia Tech), Studies in Complexity, Ambiguity and
Emergence in Design
4. F. Fol Leymarie (Brown University), The Computation of Visual
Fields in Arts
5. J. Koenderink (Utrecht University), The Geometry of Pictorial
Space
6. M. Leyton (Rutgers University and D.I.M.A.C.S.), A Generative
Theory of Shape
7. M. Massironi, (Verona University), The Space of Representation
and the Representation of Space
8. G. van Tonder (Kyoto Institute of Technology), Order and
Complexity in Naturalistic Landscapes
9. D. Viswanath (UC Berkeley), Perceptual Representation of
Surfaces and Objects and the Implications for Design
10. J. Willats (Birmingham University), Some Structural Equivalents
Shared by Paul Klee's Paintings and Children's Drawings
11. A. Zimmer (Regensburg University), Visual Art and Visual
Perception: An Uneasy Complementarity
12. S. Zucker (Yale University), Visual Computations and Visual
Cortex
Important Dates:
Deadline for abstract submissions: 15 April 2004
Conference: June 7-9, 2004
****************************************************
Dr Roberto Poli, PhD
Editor-in-chief of Axiomathes, Kluwer:
http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/1122-1151
Papers and other information
http://www.mitteleuropafoundation.it
preferred e-mail:
roberto.poli@soc.unitn.it
Dynamic ontology conference: http://www.unitn.it/events/do/
Much judicial commentary (and some professorial commentary) on the "doctrine of chances" fails to distinguish between
(i) the probability that a random selection of instances from some appropriate reference class will produce a conjunction of some specified states or values (e.g., "in instance 1 -- random draw number 1 --, event of type X occurs" and "in instance 2, event of type X [again] occurs" );
and
(ii) the probability, given a conjunction of of some specified states [such as in #(i)], that a criminal defendant caused those states of affairs.
Merely because the conjunction of events in situation #(i) above is highly improbable when instances of the reference class are chosen at random does not necessarily mean that some causal explanation -- such as "David Defendant caused such an improbable [i.e., rare] conjunction of events" -- is highly probable.
Why do legal professionals find it so hard to get a handle on the distinction between probabilities of type (i) and probabilities of type (ii)?
BTW: Does the following principle make intuitive sense to you?:
The occurrence of very improbable events and of very improbable combinations of events is highly probable.
Consider a restatement of this principle:
The occurrence of rare events and of rare sets of events is, over the long run [alternatively: "given a sufficiently large number of trials"], highly probable.
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JURIST BLOGGER
Professor Peter Tillers
"I have practiced a little bit of law -- I worked as a litigator, once in California and once in Texas -- but for most of my professional life I have studied and taught law.
In the early part of my academic career I dabbled in philosophy, particularly the philosophies of Kant and Hegel. But as I matured, I came to my senses. This explains why during the last 15 years I have devoted much more attention to evidence, inference, and proof in litigation than to German Idealism and similar matters. However, I did not succeed in completely obliterating the influence of philosophy and epistemology on my thinking. Thus, in my effort to understand and explain the process of proof in litigation, I have devoted a great deal of attention to matters such as probability theory and theories of evidence, inference, induction, and proof.
Peter Tillers is Professor of Law at Cardozo Law School, Yeshiva University. He revised volumes 1 &1A of Wigmore on Evidence (1983) and is the author of Probability and Inference in the Law of Evidence (1988; with E. Green).