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Legal news from Monday, November 02, 2009 |

Monday, November 02, 2009 |

Supreme Court hears arguments in bankruptcy, federal jurisdiction cases
Jaclyn Belczyk at 4:04 PM ET

[JURIST] The US Supreme Court [official website; JURIST news archive] heard oral arguments [day call, PDF; merit briefs] Monday in three cases. In Jones v. Harris Associates [oral arguments transcript, PDF; JURIST report], the Court heard arguments on whether a shareholder must show that a fund's investment adviser misled the fund's directors in order to have a cognizable claim of an excessive fee under section 36(b) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 [text]. The case was brought by several plaintiffs who own shares in funds advised by Harris Associates [corporate website]. The plaintiffs claim that the fees are too high and are in violation of section 36(b). The US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit held [opinion, PDF] that the claim is not cognizable unless the shareholder can show that the adviser misled the fund's directors who approved the fee. Counsel for the plaintiff-petitioners argued:For three reasons, the Seventh Circuit's judgment should be reversed. First, under the Court's longstanding precedent, in this context a fiduciary duty requires a fair fee, achieved through full disclosure and good-faith negotiation. Second, the best gauge of a fair fee is what the investment adviser charges at arm's-length in other transactions for similar services. And, third, applying that standard here, Harris charged twice as much in percentage terms for providing virtually identical advisory services in arm's-length transactions with institutional investors. The US argued as amicus curiae in support of petitioners. Counsel for respondent Harris Associates argued that this "is not a record upon which a reasonable person could conclude that the adviser has over-reached. That is at the heart of fiduciary duty."
In Shady Grove Orthopedic Association v. Allstate Insurance Co. [oral arguments transcript, PDF; JURIST report], the Court will consider whether a state legislature can properly prohibit the federal courts from using the class action device for state law claims. The issue is whether a New York state law, which prohibits a lawsuit seeking a statutory penalty from being brought as a class action, is substantive or procedural under the Erie doctrine [backgrounder]. The US Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled [opinion, PDF] that the law is substantive and can be applied in federal court, upholding a lower court's dismissal of the suit. Counsel for the petitioners argued that "the state law does not govern." Counsel for the respondent argued:allowing plaintiffs to recover State law penalties in Federal court that they can't recover in State court on a State law cause of action would powerfully distort ex ante forum choices, which is precisely what the Erie doctrine seeks to avoid. In Beard v. Kindler [oral arguments transcript, PDF; JURIST report], the Court heard arguments on whether a state procedural rule is adequate to bar a federal court from hearing a habeas petition. The adequate state grounds doctrine bars federal court jurisdiction in cases decided by a state court based on both federal and non-federal law if the state ground for the decision is adequate to support the judgment and is independent of federal law. The Pennsylvania courts applied the state's fugitive forfeiture rule and concluded that Kindler waived his right to seek appellate review, dismissing his appeal without reaching the merits of his claims. The US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed [opinion, PDF] the district court's grant of federal habeas relief, rejecting the argument that Pennsylvania's fugitive waiver rule was an adequate and independent state ground for precluding such relief. Counsel for the petitioners argued that:This Court should clarify that the purpose of the adequate State grounds doctrine isn't to strip State courts of their equitable power to excuse procedural defaults, but simply to ensure that they don't discriminate against Federal claims under the guise of procedural ruling. Counsel for the defendant-respondent argued that "what is really at stake here" is that "[t]he Commonwealth wants this Court to change the adequate State ground doctrine so that Mr. Kindler may be executed with no review by any court of his meritorious claims that his death sentence was unconstitutional."


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Karzai declared winner of Afghanistan election after opponent withdraws
Hillary Stemple at 2:12 PM ET

[JURIST] Afghanistan's Independent Election Commission (IEC) [official website] on Monday declared President Hamid Karzai [BBC profile, JURIST news archive] the winner of the presidential election [JURIST news archive] after challenger Abdullah Abdullah [BBC profile] withdrew from the runoff election to which both parties agreed [JURIST report] last month. Abdullah withdrew from the race [Financial Times report] on Sunday saying he could not be certain the upcoming vote would be free or fair. The runoff election was agreed to after the UN-backed Electoral Complaints Commission (ECC) [official website] invalidated election results from 210 polling stations. The ECC found clear and convincing evidence of fraud and had ordered the IEC to invalidate a percentage of votes from both candidates based on the ECC's September 8 recount order [JURIST report]. US President Barack Obama congratulated [AP report] Karzai, but urged him to eradicate governmental corruption.
Extensive allegations of voter fraud followed the August election and more than 100 complaints [JURIST report] were filed with the ECC by the Abdullah campaign alleging ballot stuffing, inflated vote counts, and intimidation at the polls by Karzai supporters. Doubts were raised about the ECC's work after Maulavi Mustafa Barakzai, one of the two Afghans sitting on the commission, resigned [JURIST report] last month citing "foreign interference." Barakzai's resignation lead to allegations that his actions were influenced by Karzai - allegations that were refuted by Karzai's campaign.


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Diamond monitoring body urged to ban Zimbabwe over rights abuse allegations
Megan McKee at 2:03 PM ET

[JURIST] Human rights abuses in Zimbabwe's diamond mining industry were on the agenda Monday at the annual meeting of the Kimberley Process (KP) [advocacy website], the global organization dedicated to suppressing trade in so-called "conflict diamonds." The objective of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) [text, PDF] is to curtail trade in conflict diamonds, or rough diamonds used by insurgencies to finance their movements. Civil society groups such as Global Witness, Partnership Africa Canada, and Green Advocates, have called for the suspension of Zimbabwe's international diamond trade due to the human rights violations [Telegraph report] allegedly committed by the Zimbabwean army against civilians and illegal workers in the Marange diamond fields. The army seized the fields in 2006 from the British company, African Consolidated Resources. Human Rights Watch (HRW) [advocacy website] has also urged [press release] KP to suspend Zimbabwe.
From June 30 to July 4 of this year the KP appointed a team to conduct a Review Mission [press release, PDF] in Zimbabwe. They suggested that Zimbabwe's membership to the organization be revoked [Times Live, report] for at least six months while the KP could ascertain that minimum standards were being met. The KP then sent its Chair to Zimbabwe for informative purposes. Despite the allegations, Zimbabwe's deputy minister of Mines and Mining Development of Zimbabwe, in an address delivered at the KP Intercessional Meeting [press release, PDF] earlier this year, emphasized Zimbabwe's dedication to the principles and effective implementation of the KPCS. Illicit trade in rough diamonds has been closely linked to armed conflict [UN backgrounder] in Angola, Cote d'Ivoire, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Sierra Leone. Since its inception in 2003, the KP has operated [backgrounder] by endeavoring to require its members to follow the regulations set forth by the KPSC, and in turn certifies their shipments of rough diamonds as "conflict-free."


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Bosnia court convicts former Serb commander of crimes against humanity
Haley Wojdowski at 1:08 PM ET

[JURIST] The War Crimes Court [official website, in Bosnian] of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) on Friday convicted [press release] former Serbian commander Predrag Kujundzic of crimes against humanity and sentenced him to 22 years in jail. The court found Kujundzic in violation of Article 172 (1) h) of the Criminal Code of BiH [text, PDF]. The court found that as the commander of the Predo's Wolves from the spring 1992 to autumn 1993, Kujundzic "committed and incited killings, coercing to sexual slavery, rape, severe deprivation of physical liberty, persecution of non-Serb civilian population and other inhuman acts." Kujundzic was also found guilty of inhumane treatment of 50 Bosniak and Croat civilians who had been unlawfully detained and used as human shields during active combat operations, resulting in 17 of these civilians losing their lives. The court found that "Kujundzic failed to undertake necessary and reasonable measures to prevent such treatment, although he knew that those civilians were treated in a forbidden manner and that they would be exposed to a life threatening situation." The court extended custody up to nine months in case the second-instance verdict revokes the first-instance verdict. Kujundzic was indicted [text, PDF, in Bosnian] in January 2008, and his trial began in April of that year.
Last week, BiH police arrested [JURIST report] three former Bosnian Serb policemen on Thursday on genocide charges related to the Srebrenica massacre [BBC backgrounder; JURIST news archive]. Last November, BiH police arrested [JURIST report] two other former police officers suspected of involvement in the Srebrenica massacre. In October 2008, the Court of BiH sentenced [JURIST report] former Bosnian Serb special police officer Vaso Todorovic [BiH backgrounder] to six years in prison for committing crimes against humanity. During the 1995 forcible transfer of 40,000 Bosniak from a UN-protected area in Srebrenica to Potocari, Serbian forces allegedly summarily executed at least 7,000 Bosniak men between the ages of 13 and 17.


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Mexico extraditions to US reach record high
Patrice Collins at 12:05 PM ET

[JURIST] The US Department of Justice (DOJ) [official website] announced Sunday that Mexico's extradition of 11 fugitives [press release] to the US on Saturday has brought the number of extraditions this year to a record 100. The individuals face charges ranging from conspiracy to distribute and distribution of narcotics, to money laundering, molestation, and murder. The announcement of the extraditions came the day before US Attorney General Eric Holder was due to meet with his Mexican counterpart Arturo Chavez [official profiles]. Holder applauded Mexico's cooperative efforts with the US:
By ensuring that alleged criminals are held accountable, we send a strong message that fleeing across the border does not mean you will escape justice. I am looking forward to meeting Attorney General Chavez tomorrow and discussing additional ways we as law enforcement partners can work together to hold such defendants, particularly alleged leaders and associates of drug cartels, accountable.
The Mexican Attorney General's Office [official website; in Spanish] also hailed the extraditions [press release, in Spanish], conducted pursuant to the treaty [text, PDF] between the US and Mexico, as "reinforc[ing] efforts to break down areas of impunity."
Mexico's increased cooperation with US authorities comes at a time when the US has promised a $1.4 billion aid package [JURIST report] to Mexico, which allocates a large portion of its aid to law enforcement activities. Chavez became Mexico's attorney general in September after the resignation of former attorney general Medina Mora [JURIST report] was accepted by President Felipe Calderon [official website]. Chavez's ascension to the office comes amid continued efforts to crack down on the Mexican drug cartels. Last month, more than 300 members of the La Familia drug cartel were arrested [DOJ press release] by federal agents. In August, 10 accused Mexican drug cartel leaders and 33 others were indicted [JURIST report] in New York and Chicago. In May, Mexican security forces arrested [JURIST report] 27 Mexican public officials on drug-related corruption charges. In April, the Mexican Senate passed an amendment [JURIST report] to the country's constitution that would permit the government to seize property from suspected drug traffickers and other criminals prior to conviction. Last November, Mexican authorities detained former assistant attorney general Noe Ramirez [JURIST report], accusing him of receiving monthly payments of $450,000 from the Pacifico drug cartel in exchange for confidential information regarding government anti-drug enforcement efforts.


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Sri Lanka opposing US plan to interview military commander on rights violations
Ann Riley at 12:03 PM ET

[JURIST] Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Rohitha Bogollagama [official website] objected Monday to plans by the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) [official website] to question military commander General Sarath Fonseka [official profile] about the alleged war crimes committed during the civil war with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) [JURIST archive]. Fonseka, holding a diplomatic passport and a Green Card, is traveling in the US to visit his daughters in Oklahoma. The Sri Lankan government is concerned that the DHS is seeking testimony from Fonseka against Sri Lankan Defense Secretary Gotabhaya Rajapaksa [official profile] on allegations of human rights violations. Bogollagama asserted that any information from Fonseka is privileged and cannot legally be shared with a third party without consent from the Sri Lankan government.
Last month, the US Department of State (DOS) [official website] released a report [text, PDF] on the incidents that took place during the final months of Sri Lanka’s civil conflict by both the government and the LTTE, urging [JURIST report] Sri Lankan officials to investigate reports of human rights violations and war crimes and prosecute those responsible. While the government of Sri Lanka rejected [statement] the findings of the DOS report, President Mahinda Rajapaksa [official website] decided last month to appoint an independent committee [JURIST report] to investigate allegations of human rights violations. In September, UN Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs B. Lynn Pascoe [official profile] encouraged [JURIST report] Sri Lanka to conduct an independent inquiry into allegations of war crimes and to make quicker progress in shutting down camps and achieving political reconciliation among the country's warring ethnic factions. The Sri Lankan government finished an internal investigation of human rights violations in June while refusing to permit [JURIST report] an external probe to conduct a full investigation. In May, as the country's decades-long civil war was coming to an end, Rajapaksa denied [JURIST report] humanitarian groups full access to refugee camps, saying the camps still needed to be screened for rebel fighters.


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Supreme Court adds 3 business-related cases to 2009 docket
Jay Carmella at 11:04 AM ET

[JURIST] The US Supreme Court [official website; JURIST news archive] on Monday granted certiorari [order list, PDF] in three cases. In Hamilton, Chapter 13 Trustee v. Lanning [docket; cert. petition, PDF], the Court limited its grant of certiorari to "[w]hether, in calculating the debtor's 'projected disposable income' during the plan period, the bankruptcy court may consider evidence suggesting that the debtor's income or expenses during that period are likely to be different from her income or expenses during the pre-filing period." The US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit found [opinion, PDF] that a debtor's current monthly income is the appropriate income to use in this analysis.
The court also agreed to hear New Process Steel, L.P. v. National Labor Relations Board [docket; cert. petition, PDF]. The Court will consider whether the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) [official website] has the authority to decide cases where only two of the five-member board are present. Section 3(b) of the National Labor Relations Act [29 USC § 153(b)] provides that three members is enough to constitute a quorum of the NLRB. The US Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit found [opinion, PDF] that the NLRB had acted appropriately and affirmed its decision in full. The US Department of Justice (DOJ) [official website] has urged the Court to uphold [JURIST report] all decisions by the two-member board.
In Levin, Tax Commissioner of Ohio v. Commerce Energy, Inc. [docket; cert. petition, PDF], the court will consider whether a challenge to state tax exemptions can occur in federal court when the suit does not involve the challengers own tax assessment, but rather others that are similarly situated. The court will review whether the Tax Injunction Act [28 USC § 1341] or comity principles bar federal court jurisdiction. The US Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reversed [opinion, PDF] the district court's decision, which granted a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The court found that neither the Tax Injunction Act nor the general principles of comity barred the plaintiff's claim.


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Russia president signs stock market manipulation bill into law
Jonathan Cohen at 10:47 AM ET

[JURIST] Russian President Dmitry Medvedev [official profile] on Sunday signed into law [press release, in Russian] a bill that introduces stricter punishments for those convicted of manipulating the stock market. Traders and journalists convicted of market manipulation involving more than 1,000,000 rubles may now face prison time between two and seven years, along with fines [AFP report]. The law passed through the State Duma and the Federation Council [official websites, in Russian] last month.
The law was announced [JURIST report] last year by the head of Russia's Federal Financial Markets Service (FFMS) [official website], Vladimir Milovidov [official profile]. The FFMS was created in 2004 by then-president and current Prime Minister Vladimir Putin [official website, in Russian]. In 2007, Russia created a new division [GAAP-IRFS report] within the FFMS in order to help combat insider trading, but it is unclear whether this has had any effect. Russia has two primary stock exchanges, the RTS and the MICEX [exchange websites].


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DOJ moves to dismiss Massachusetts AG challenge to Defense of Marriage Act
Zach Zagger at 10:41 AM ET

[JURIST] The Obama administration on Friday filed a motion to dismiss [text, PDF] a federal lawsuit [complaint, PDF] challenging the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) [text; JURIST news archive]. The suit was brought [JURIST report] in July by Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley [official profile] and challenges the DOMA on constitutional grounds. The US Department of Justice (DOJ) [official website] argued that states that allow same-sex marriages [JURIST news archive] cannot force the federal government to provide benefits to those couples. The Obama administration still maintains that DOMA is discriminatory but says it must continue to defend standing federal statutes:
This Administration does not support DOMA as a matter of policy, believes that it is discriminatory, and supports its repeal. Consistent with the rule of law, however, the Department of Justice has long followed the practice of defending federal statutes as long as reasonable arguments can be made in support of their constitutionality, even if the Department disagrees with a particular statute as a policy matter, as it does here.
The lawsuit challenges DOMA by arguing it violates the Tenth Amendment [text] by intruding on state sovereignty to define and regulate marriages of its residents.
In September, the DOJ filed a motion to dismiss [JURIST report] a similar lawsuit brought by the Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders (GLAD) [advocacy website] on behalf of a group of plaintiffs who are or have been married under the state's same-sex marriage law. Also in September, 90 members of Congress introduced [JURIST report] a bill [HR 3567 text] to repeal DOMA, which was signed by former president Bill Clinton in 1996. In August, a judge for the US District Court for the Central District Court of California dismissed [JURIST report] a lawsuit [case materials] challenging the DOMA on judisdictional grounds. DOMA refuses federal marriage benefits to same-sex couples, including social security, tax laws, and immigration rights, and defines marriage as between a man and a woman.


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White House, lawmakers reach compromise on journalist shield bill
Safiya Boucaud at 9:23 AM ET

[JURIST] The Obama administration, top lawmakers, and news organizations reached an agreement [press release] Friday on legislation that would protect journalists from being forced to reveal their sources in federal court. The compromise version of the Free Flow of Information Act [HR 985 materials] would extend protections to journalists by creating a qualified privilege for those who refuse to disclose confidential sources. It would allow judges to weigh the greater public and national security interests against the need to uncover a journalist's source. The protection would extend to subpoenas for journalists' information as well as any efforts made to investigate phone and Internet records journalists utilized to obtain any information. In an announcement of the compromise, Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) [official website] said:
We've come a long way in these negotiations and have now reached a compromise that strikes the right balance between national security concerns and the public's right to know. This new version preserves a strong protection for reporters interested in protecting their sources, while also making sure that the government can still do the job of protecting its citizens. This agreement should expedite this bill's movement through committee and the full Senate. The negotiated compromise creates a fair standard to protect the public interest, journalists, the news media, bloggers, prosecutors and litigants.
The compromise involves a public interest balancing test [NYT report] for criminal and civil cases. In criminal cases, the burden falls on the journalist to prove that withholding confidential sources is in the public's interest. In non-criminal cases, the burden shifts to the government to prove that forcing the disclosure of a confidential source would outweigh the public interest. The bill will go before the Senate Judiciary Committee [official website] next week.
Last month, the Obama administration informed Congress that it objected [JURIST report] to the proposed legislation based on national security concerns. The US House of Representatives passed the Free Flow of Information Act in late March, days after it was voted out of the House Judiciary Committee [JURIST reports]. The House passed a similar bill in 2007, but it was never voted on by the full Senate, despite passing the Judiciary Committee by a 15-2 vote [JURIST reports]. The bill was first proposed in response to the jail sentence given to Judith Miller, a journalist who would not reveal who provided her with the identity of CIA agent Valerie Plame [JURIST news archive]. Other journalists have also faced contempt charges for refusing to reveal sources. In November, the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia vacated [JURIST report] a contempt order [JURIST report] against former USA Today reporter Toni Locy [JURIST news archive], who had refused to reveal government sources for a series of articles she wrote about the 2001 anthrax attacks [JURIST news archive].


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